Creating developments that operate within the water balance of a given place and climate

“The intent of the Water Petal is to realign how people use water and to redefine ‘waste’ in the built environment so that water is respected as a precious resource.” International Living Future Institute

The Water Petal has only one imperative, Net Positive Water, which requires one hundred percent of occupant water to come from captured precipitation or closed loop water systems. Water used on site for drinking or irrigation must also be treated on site, without the use of chemicals if allowed by the regulatory authority. This helps ensure that certified projects are able to operate sustainably within the water balance of a given place and climate.

For a Living Building in Atlanta, Georgia, an integrated approach is needed for onsite capture of the variable amount of available water and to optimize it for the building’s needs.

• Atlanta has received an average 50 inches of rainfall annually between 1981 and 2010 - an amount that is equal to Seattle, Washington. However, recent prolonged droughts and rising sewer bills have made water a regionally critical issue.
• In addition, Atlanta has very limited available groundwater and relies on rivers, streams and reservoirs for its municipal water supply. The City is relatively close to the headwaters of these rivers and streams, which limits the ability to withdraw water sustainability.

Achieving Net Positive Water

The Kendeda Building relies upon rainwater, greywater, and stormwater systems to achieve the Net Positive Water requirement. Collectively, these systems supply all the potable water demands for the building while recycling waste water and stormwater to recharge the surrounding aquifer.

Rainwater: Converting Rainwater to Drinking Water

The Kendeda Building has the first rainwater to potable (i.e. drinkable) water approved system in Georgia for a non-single family residence. This system is permitted as a Public Water Supply System through Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division (EPD).

Rainwater is harvested from the 913 panel photovoltaic (PV) array, roof deck, and green roof to supply all potable water demands for the building. After the water is collected, it is filtered and routed to the 50,000 gallon cistern in the building’s basement for holding. The cistern system treats approximately 41 percent of the annual rooftop runoff collected; the remaining 59 percent of the annual rooftop runoff is released from the cistern and directed to onsite stormwater systems.

• The design team determined that a 50,000 gallon cistern would provide ample capacity to overcome drought and provide water resiliency after studying 31 years of drought and precipitation data and stress testing the model for varying occupancy and water use patterns (high, moderate, low).
• While the building was allowed one initial fill before the building is occupied; the cistern began collecting water as soon as the roof, piping, and filtering was in place to help eliminate the need for an initial fill with city water.  
• The building maintains connections to city water and sewer from a regulatory and life safety perspective.
• Over the course of each year, at least 74,550 gallons of excess rainwater from rooftop harvesting is used to offset the water drawn from district/campus cooling systems. This water is used in the building for radiant heating and cooling systems as well as the HVAC system.

EPD granted The Kendeda Building a rainwater-to-drinking water permit during its 12-month Living Building Challenge performance period. This permit validates that the building’s water system produces safe drinking water with continuous chlorination disinfection. We are working with EPD to determine how this first-of-its-kind, public non-transient non-community water system in Georgia can meet the ongoing testing requirements of US EPA National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations and Georgia Rules for Safe Drinking Water (e.g., the parameters, number of samples, sampling locations, and frequency of sampling). Once the logistics of ongoing testing are in place and with EPD’s approval, Georgia Tech will activate the rainwater-to-drinking water system pursuant to the permit issued in 2020.

At that point, as water is needed, it will be pumped from the cistern to a filtering tank and disinfected with UV* lighting to potable standards, then piped throughout the building for potable water needs. Potable water uses in the building include sinks, water fountains, showers, and the minimal amount needed for the composting toilets.

* Ultraviolet disinfection (UV) is allowed by the Living Building Challenge. It should be noted, however, that UV disinfection lamps typically contain mercury, an item that requires the use of an “Exception” to comply with the Materials Red List.

Greywater​: Managing Waste Water to Recharge the Landscape

Greywater (or water that does not contain organic matter) is collected from shower drains, sink drains, and water fountains and directed to a primary tank for infiltration on site. This recycled water is pumped to a constructed wetlands at the south end of the site, gravity fed to other filtration and disinfection tanks, and ultimately allowed to infiltrate back into the soil via leach fields at the north end of the site to recharge the surrounding groundwater.

Constructed wetlands are treatment systems that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality. In addition, condensate collected from HVAC system is used for irrigation.

A blackwater (water with organic matter) system is not present on the project. Rather a total of 12 composting toilets and four urinals throughout the building separate liquids and convert solids into a fertilizing soil which can be used for uptake by plants.

Stormwater

Living Buildings are only allowed to have minimal stormwater runoff. For The Kendeda Building, this is water from rainstorms not captured for potable water needs. All stormwater is captured on site and infiltrated back into the soil though controlled design measures that leverage the site’s hydrology – namely seepage areas, rain gardens, and permeable pavers.

Kendeda Building is located on a previously developed site (formerly a parking lot). The overall design intent is to restore the site as it existed prior to pre-human development by mimicking the hydrological flow of the area and re-introducing vegetation and biology native to the region, referencing the Piedmont Forest ecosystem.

In addition to providing access to the Eco-Commons, the cascading porch areas support substantial volume storage of stormwater underneath permeable pavers. The method used for The Kendeda Building manages rainwater in dispersed locations along a sloped site. This requires careful use of gravity as a tool for equalizing a dynamic system.

Changes From LBC 3.1 to 4.0

LBC 3.1 had one Water Imperative: Net Positive Water. LBC 4.0 has two:

• Imperative 05: Responsible Water Use
• Imperative 06: Net Positive Water

Imperative 05: Responsible Water Use

This is a new Imperative that requires projects to meet a variety of best practices. For example, projects can not use potable water for irrigation. Moreover, they must reduce water use for other needs than a baseline regional building of the same type at the following reduction rates:

• New Building: 50%
• Existing Building + Interior: 30%

Affordable housing projects can use water handprinting combined with project efficiency to meet water
savings goals.

All projects must treat all stormwater on site, through natural or mechanical means and without chemicals, and manage all stormwater based on both pre-development hydrology and current ecological conditions, as determined by a qualified professional.

All projects on a Combined Sewer Overflow system, or in a floodplain (based on an Exception), must
incorporate stormwater detention and avoid sheet flow off the site.

Imperative 05: Net Positive Water

This Imperative now provides more compliance pathways, with three significant changes:

• A handprinting compliance pathway for addressing the impacts of domestic sewage (e.g., managing and treating greywater and black water).
• Handprinting as a compliance pathway for affordable housing projects.
• Requirement to provide drinking water during emergencies to increase project resiliency.